Israeli troops move swiftly into Syrian territory after rebel takeover

Israeli troops move swiftly into Syrian territory after rebel takeover

Israel defended its actions as defensive as nature, securing the country from future attacks, while Arab countries said they amounted to an illegal occupation.

Israeli soldiers on Monday along the border fence with Syria near the Druze village of
Majdal Shams in the occupied Golan Heights. (Heidi Levine for The Washington Post)

By Miriam Berger

 and 

Steve Hendrix 10-12-2024 Washington Post

MAJDAL SHAMS, Israeli-occupied Golan Heights — Within hours of rebels taking control of Syria’s capital, Israel moved to seize military posts in that country’s south, sending its troops across the border for the first time since the official end of the Yom Kippur War in 1974.

Arab countries criticized the incursion as an illegal occupation and warned that it could further destabilize Syria as a patchwork of rebel groups try to reimpose civic order after the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the Islamist rebel group that led the shock offensive, has yet to publicly comment on the situation.

Israeli officials defended the move as limited in scope, aimed at preventing rebels or other local militias from using abandoned Syrian military equipment to target Israel or the Golan Heights, an area occupied by Israel after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. On Monday, more troops could be seen outside this Druze village adjacent to the border, preparing to cross.

“This is a temporary defensive position until a suitable arrangement is found,” Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in English in a video statement Sunday. In the Hebrew version of his statement, Netanyahu did not use the word “temporary.”

“I think this a terrible mistake by Israel,” said Eyal Zisser, a professor at Tel Aviv University, “because no one is interested in Israel right now. To push ourselves in the middle right now … what interests does it serve?”

Following

The Israeli government was still scrambling to understand the implications of Assad’s stunning fall from power, according to a former Israeli security official who was familiar with deliberations in the coalition. Like others in this article, he spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive issues.

In an address Monday, Netanyahu took credit for the collapse of the Assad regime, saying it was “a direct result of the blows” Israeli forces had inflicted on Iran, Hamas and Hezbollah. “As I promised, we are reshaping the Middle East,” he said.

As Assad and his family fled to Russia overnight Saturday, units from the Israel Defense Forces took control of a Syrian monitoring base atop Mount Hermon, which straddles the Lebanon-Syria border north of the Golan Heights. Syrian troops had already fled the facility, according to Israel media reports, and no fighting occurred. The Israeli air force, meanwhile, was carrying out strikes on what it said were weapons stores and other military targets across Syria, which Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar said was to prevent them from falling into the hands of rebel groups.

On Monday, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz said IDF troops were authorized to go farther and seize positions beyond the narrow U.N.-monitored demilitarized zone separating the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights and Syria.

In a media briefing Monday in New York, U.N. spokesman Stéphane Dujarric said personnel with the U.N. Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) “remain in position carrying out their mandated activity.” He said the Israeli military informed UNDOF before it moved into “at least three locations” in the separation area. UNDOF told its Israeli counterparts that “there should be no military forces or activities in the area of separation,” Dujarric said.

Israel intended to exercise “complete control over the buffer zone” and “establish a security zone free of heavy strategic weapons and terrorist infrastructure in the southern area — beyond the buffer zone — to eliminate potential threats to the State of Israel,” Katz’s office said in a statement.

The Israeli government informed the Biden administration before moving into Syrian territory, according to a U.S. official, describing the actions as temporary.

The troops were looking for weapons stashes, including chemical weapons, and any material that could be used in an attack on Israel, said the former Israeli official. The IDF said that it had deployed additional tank, artillery and infantry units to the border but that no additional reserves had been called up.

Israeli soldiers on Monday along the border fence with Syria by the Druze village of Majdal Shams in the occupied Golan Heights. (Heidi Levine for The Washington Post).

The heightened military activity was visible Monday along the rolling frontier outside Majdal Shams. Fighter jets flew overhead. Two armored personnel carriers and a pair of combat bulldozers were idling on the Israeli side of an open yellow border gate. Troops prepared their equipment.

Alon Koren Blid, an Israeli soldier, checked the oil on one of the personnel carriers. The 21-year-old, who has fought inside Lebanon and Gaza in the past year, had been on home leave when he was ordered to the Syrian border Sunday.

“We expect to be here about a week,” he said, with the rocky valley of Syria just beyond him. “It could be more, could be less — we don’t really know.” The units across the border had already gone about a half a mile inside, he said.

In a briefing for reporters Monday, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar said Israeli troops could range up to a “mile or two” within Syria, but stressed that operations would be “limited and temporary.”

Those reassurances have done little to placate regional governments. Egypt’s Foreign Ministry condemned what it said was a “blatant violation” of Syrian sovereignty; the Arab League accused Israel of acting “illegally.”

Israel and Syria have battled frequently over the disputed border and its commanding elevations — positions coveted by armies for their strategic advantages. Syrian forces peered for miles into Israel from their watch station atop Mount Hermon, and Israel is said to be able to observe the Syrian capital, Damascus, from its own facility on an adjacent peak.

 

Israel captured the Golan Heights in 1967 after being attacked by Syria and neighboring states. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the sides reached a separation agreement that established a buffer zone overseen by U.N. monitors. In 2019, bucking the widely held international view that Israel’s occupation of the area is illegal, President Donald Trump reversed U.S. policy and recognized it as Israeli territory.

The Israeli side of the frontier is dotted with growing towns and long-established Druze villages, whose occupants have deep ties to communities in both countries. While some are Israeli citizens, many view themselves as Syrians first.

Druze residents of Majdal Shams held a celebration Monday evening. Children joyfully waved the Syrian opposition flag, and residents chanted in support of Syrian unity as cake was passed around. When a truck with Israeli soldiers rolled through, the children ran alongside it with their flags.

Residents of the Druze village of Majdal Shams in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights share a cake decorated with the Syrian opposition flag during a celebration Monday. (Heidi Levine for The Washington Post)

Sulman Mdah, 46, a jewelry store owner, came with his wife and two grown children. All had rejected Israeli citizenship. “This was our dream,” he said of Assad’s fall.

“We hope to go visit our country, our new country,” said 60-year-old Sanaa Abu Salah.

Chuck Freilich, former deputy national security adviser for Israel and a frequent Netanyahu critic, said Israel had a clear defensive imperative to secure Syrian military assets along the border.

If the regime’s chemical weapons, missile stocks and aircraft fell into the wrong hands, they could pose a threat not just to Israel but to Jordan and other neighboring countries, he said. And governments were wise to be skeptical of the long-term intentions of HTS, formerly affiliated with al-Qaeda. The group has distanced itself from its jihadist roots and claims to represent all Syrians, but is still listed as a terrorist organization by the United States and other governments.

“There are not many examples of a terrorist group gaining control over an entire state,” Freilich said.

Haila Abu Salah, left, holds up a photo of her nephew, Emad Abu Salah, as she stands in Majdal Shams with other families whose relatives were killed in prison in Syria. (Heidi Levine for The Washington Post)

But Carmit Valensi, a senior researcher at Israel’s Institute for National Security Studies, said Israel could be jeopardizing its chances of good relations with a historically hostile neighbor in favor of a short-term security boost.

“It will be important for us to generate positive ties with positive communities in Syria near our border,” she said. If the temporary positions became permanent, she added, “this would turn us from a potential partner to an enemy.”

Another person familiar with Israeli cabinet discussions said the country was determined to move rapidly as officials assessed the rebels’ intentions and tried to gauge the evolving role of its nemesis Iran, which has seen its proxy network weakened and its land routes through Syria compromised by the fall of Assad.

“They are figuring it out as it moves because there is no playbook,” the person said.

Israelis at an overlook in the occupied Golan Heights view the Syrian side of the Quneitra border crossing on Monday. (Heidi Levine for The Washington Post)

Israelis gathered Monday at a spot overlooking the Syrian side of the Quneitra border crossing, where Israeli forces had entered the day before. The quiet valley had echoed with explosions and gunfire over the past week, said an Israeli reservist who lives and serves in the Golan Heights.

Einat Gross Berger, 47, came to the area from a nearby town with her two kids to eat hummus and pita and “celebrate” what she described as win for Israeli security. She hoped the IDF would keep control of the territory it had seized.

“We are religious people,” she said, pointing to the headscarf wrapped around her head in the Jewish tradition. “And this area is ours.”

Hendrix reported from Jerusalem. Missy Ryan in Washington and Claire Parker in Cairo contributed to this report.

All the pieces that brought down Syria’s Assad

All the pieces that brought down Syria’s Assad

Syrian allies Iran, Russia and Hezbollah failed to answer Assad’s call for help while Syrian Army quickly collapsed under rebel assault

by Daniel Williams December 9, 2024

The triumph of the Islamic insurgency that ousted Syria’s dictator-for-life Bashar al-Assad resulted not only from the weakness of  Syria’s own army but also the unwillingness of allies Iran, the Lebanese militia Hezbollah and Russia to help in an hour of need.

A decade ago, those three allies aided Assad in fighting off an armed uprising by an eclectic group of rebels that emerged out of the Arab Spring civil protests that had swept across the Middle East. With the help of Russian air power and Lebanese ground forces supported by Iran, Assad eventually and brutally drove armed Syrian rebels into a zone in the nation’s far northwest.

Fast forward to the present, only one of those allies was in a position to help Assad counter the latest rebel blitz. But they only offered token help and it was all too little, way too late:

Iran, which heads what it had called a regional “Axis of Resistance” but which is now engaged in a proxy war with Israel, had recently been bruised by Israeli rocket attacks. Tehran told Assad that it would only send some drones and rockets to protect the Syrian leader’s government.

Hezbollah, its top leaders killed during a variety of attacks by Israeli remote weapons and its soldiers bombarded throughout southern Lebanon and in Beirut, dispatched only a pair of “advisors” to Damascus and Homs last Friday (December 6). The rebels took Homs Saturday and then quickly went on to the capital.

Russia, its forces engaged in a slow effort to crush Ukrainian resistance, failed to commit itself to aid Assad, even though Syria hosts a pair of Russian military bases. Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said only the rebel offensive was wrong. “It’s inadmissible to allow the terrorist group to take control of territory,” said Lavrov, who was attending a conference in Qatar with officials from Turkey and Iran meant to find ways to end the conflict in Syria.

“The speed of recent advances made by armed groups in northern Syria came as a surprise for Damascus,” wrote the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center, a Berlin-based think tank. “But the inability of Bashar al-Assad’s regime to hold back the rebels is easily explainable by the weakness of its allies: Iran and Hezbollah have been damaged by the conflict with Israel, while Russia is preoccupied with its war in Ukraine.”

And what of the Syrian army? It is largely a poorly equipped force composed of Sunni Muslims, the majority population in Syria – the ethnic group that has persistently opposed Assad and often persecuted by him. As rebels advanced beginning late last month, Syrian military units disintegrated, leaving the cities of Aleppo, Hamas and Homs and, eventually, Damascus defenseless.

Analysts said that chronic economic hardships and persistent armed conflict had taken a toll on Syrian society in general and on military morale in particular. The Syrian army is composed mainly of draftees.

“The army’s collapse is a reflection of a more general collapse in Syrian state institutions,” said Jihad Yazigi, editor of the Syria Report. “There is a deep sense in regime areas that things are not only not improving, but that there are no prospects of things getting better.”

“The fact that the security forces melted away is a bit of a surprise, but it’s not a huge surprise,” said Nathanial Hall, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank. “They didn’t have the sort of morale to stand up against something like this.”

Outside of his formal military support, Assad also counted on domestic militias that were either unwilling or unable to thwart the rebel onslaught. In addition, he depended on elite Republican Guard units and a vast intelligence service—both of which were heavily staffed by trusted ethnic Alawi personnel in case they were needed to clamp down on domestic opponents.

It’s not clear where the Republican Guard was located as the rebels advanced toward Damascus and where intelligence officers are now.

Syria’s domestic spy system had, in any case, degenerated long before the uprising. “The state security apparatus still rules Syria with an iron fist, but the regime no longer exercises control of the country as it once did. It lacks both the resources and the legitimacy to provide peace and stability,” wrote Chatham House, a research institute based in London.

The winner in this sudden shift of fortunes is a consortium of varied insurgent groups, most of which are based in northeast Syria, though some are also scattered along its far southern and northern borders.

The largest is Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which in English is translated as the Organization for the Liberation of the Levant. HTS was the group that entered Damascus. HTS’ leader, Abu Muhammad al-Jolani, had been previously seen walking down the steps of the massive Citadel castle in Aleppo, mobbed by supporters, when HTS conquered the city last week.

HTS was originally allied with al-Qaeda, which strove to establish an Islamic fundamentalist state in Syria. The group broke with the organization in 2017. In a move to attract foreign tolerance, if not support, HTS has pledged not to carry out terrorist attacks outside Syria. The United States and European Union still designate it as a terrorist organization.

HTS has effectively governed Idlib province in northeast Syria in recent years. During the long civil war, thousands of refugees fled to the Idlib area as well as to Lebanon and Turkey. There were plenty of destitute recruits to fill its ranks.

HTS’ next chore will be to set up governmental control over the territory it dominates. That would presumably exclude coastal Syria and small areas where US forces are based in northern Syria and near Jordan to the south.

Several allies were involved in the recent blitz that ended with the capture of Damascus. One of them, the Syrian Democratic Forces, is a Kurdish group sponsored by the United States. Another, the Syrian National Army, is sponsored by Turkey and employed to fight Kurdish separatists in Syria who might want to help Iraqi Kurdistan secede from Iraq.

Assad ally Russia, on the other hand, operates a naval base on the Mediterranean coast and an army inland. Russian forces were flaunting artillery and rocketry around its bases in recent days, in case rebels might approach.

Meanwhile, in an anodyne statement, Iran called for “the swift end of military conflicts, the prevention of terrorist actions, and the commencement of national dialogue.” Hezbollah has remained silent.

The US government, caught up in a political transition from lame-duck President Joe Biden to President-elect Donald Trump, reacted cautiously to the takeover. The Biden administration said only that it is “closely monitoring the extraordinary events in Syria.”

Trump issued a more effusive message on social media: “Assad is gone. He has fled his country. His protector, Russia, Russia, Russia, led by Vladimir Putin, was not interested in protecting him,” he wrote. “Russia and Iran are in a weakened state right now, one because of Ukraine and a bad economy, the other because of Israel and its fighting success.”

Perhaps forgetting he was not yet president, Trump concluded by saying that the United States would not get involved in any way.

Daniel Williams is a former foreign correspondent for The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and Miami Herald and an ex-researcher for Human Rights Watch. His book Forsaken: The Persecution of Christians in Today’s Middle East was published by O/R Books. He is currently based in Rome.

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